Monday, November 26, 2012

read these texts /for freshman/

A piece of paper
Jimmy dropped a piece of paper on the floor. He bent over and picked it up. He folded the piece of paper in two. He put it on the table. He picked up a pencil. He wrote a phone number on the piece of paper. He put the pencil on the table. He picked up the scissors. He picked up the piece of paper. He cut the paper in half. He put one-half of the paper on the table. He put the other half with the phone number in his shirt pocket. He put the scissors on the table.
A bad weather                                     
Thomas was not hot. He was not warm either. He was cold. The weather was not hot. The weather was not warm either. The weather was cold. Thomas did not like to be cold. He looked for his jacket. He found his jacket. He put on his jacket. But he was still cold. He looked at the
windows. Were all the windows closed? Yes, they were. They were all closed. None of the windows were open. He looked at the door. The door wasn't open. It was closed. He was still cold. He looked for a warmer jacket.
New shoes
Lisa loves to go shopping. Tomorrow she is going shopping. She needs a new pair of shoes. She wants to buy a pair of red shoes. She thinks red shoes are pretty. She will buy a pair of shoes at the mall. Lisa usually shops at the mall. The mall is only a mile from her house. She just walks to the mall. It only takes her 20 minutes. Tomorrow she will go to four different shoe stores. Tomorrow is Saturday. The mall always has sales on Saturday. If the sale price is good, Lisa might buy two pairs of shoes.
Write a letter
Christopher wrote a letter to his sister. His sister lived in another city. His sister did not have a computer. Neither did he. His sister didn't like to use the phone. Neither did he. He wrote his sister a long letter. He told her the news in his life. He told her that he had a new job. He told her that he had a new girlfriend. He told her that he had a new car. He had lots of news for his sister. She would be happy to read his letter. Then she would send him a letter. Her letter would have lots of news, too.
A fast driver
Brian has a fast car. He drives his car fast. He never gets a ticket. His car is too fast for the police. They chase him, but they can't catch him. Brian always escapes from the police. The police want to catch him. But their cars are too slow. Brian's car is very fast. He likes to drive over 100 mph. When he sees the police, he waves to the police. The police turn on their sirens. They turn on their red lights. They chase after Brian. Brian speeds up. He passes all the other cars on the road. He escapes from the police.

Friday, November 23, 2012

Everyday expressions for beginners


Asking questions
Do you speak English?  Та англиар ярьдаг уу?
What`s your name?                    Таныг хэн гэдэг вэ?
Where are you from?                 Та хаанаас ирсэн бэ?
How much is it?             Энэ ямар үнэтэй вэ?
How far is it?                             Эндээс хир хол вэ?

Statements about yourself
My name is………….                             Миний нэр.....
I`m Mongolian-                          Би Монгол хүн
I don`t speak English very well/ little bit-Би англиар сайн ярьдаггүй, бага зэрэг
I`m here on holiday-                               Би амарч явна.
I live in Erdenet-                                    Би Эрдэнэтэд амьдардаг.


Emergencies                                        Яаралтай тусламж хүсэх
Can you help me, please?                      Та надад туслаач
I`m lost-                                                Би төөрчихлөө
Call an ambulance-                                Түргэн тусламж дуудна уу?
Get the police/a doctor-             Цагдаа/эмч дуудна уу?
Watch out!-                                           Болгоомжтой!

On the road                                                      Зам дээр
Where`s the nearest garage/petrol station-          Хамгийн ойрхон граж/шатахуун түгээх газар хаана байна?
What`s the best way to get there?                      Тийшээ хаагуур явбал дээр вэ?
I`ve got a puncture-                                           Миний машины дугуй хагарчихлаа
I`d like to hire a bike/car-                                    Унадаг дугуй/машин түрээслэмээр байна
Where can I park around here?               Энэ хавьд машин тавих газар байна уу?
There`s been an accident-                                  Тэнд осол гарчихсан байна
My car`s broken down-                          Миний машин эвдэрчихлээ
The car won`t start-                                            Миний машин асдаггүй ээ

By rail                                                              Галт тэргэнд
Where can I buy a ticket?                                   Тасалбар хаанаас авах вэ?
What time is the next train to Erdenet?    Эрдэнэтийн дараагийн галт тэрэг хэдэн цагт хөдлөх вэ?
Do I have to change?                                        Би өөр галт тэргэнд шилжиж сууж болох уу?
Can I take my bike on the train?              Би галт тэргэнд дугуйгаа авч явж болох уу?
Which platform for the train to Darkhan? Дарханы галт тэрэг хэддүгээр замаас хөдлөх вэ?
The train is arriving on platform 2-                      Галт тэрэг 2-р замаар ирж байна
There`s a train to London at 10 o`clock.  Лондон руу явах 10 цагийн галт тэрэг байна
A single to Selenge, please-                              Сэлэнгэ явах 1 талын тасалбар өгнө үү
I`d like a cheap day return/an all-day ticket-         Би өдөртөө эргэж ирэх бүтэн өдрийн хямдхан тасалбар авмаар байна.
I`d like to reserve a seat-                                    Би суудал захиалмаар байна

linguistic terms


Linguistic terms
abbreviation- товчлол                                             change of meaning-утга өөрчлөгдөх
absolute value-туйлын утга                                  class dialect- ангийн аялгуу
adaptation-дасах                                                     cognate language- төрөл хэл
adverb-үйл хавсрал                                                colloquial language-ярианы, хар хэл
adjective-нэр хавсрал                                            combinative meaning-нөхцөлдсөн утга
affix-залгавар                                                          common language-нийтийн хэл
agglutinative language-залгамал хэл                 commonly used-нийтээрээ хэрэглэдэг
alien word-харь үг                                                   communicative function-харилцах үүрэг
alliternating words-хоршоо үг                               comparative lexicology- харшуулсан ҮСС
alphabet-цагаан толгой                                         component stem-ҮС-н бүтээвэр
altaic studies-алтай судлал                                  compound, composite-нийлмэл үг
alternation-сэлгэх                                                    concept/notion-ухагдахуун
analytic language-задлаг хэл                               concrete meaning- тодорхой утга
ancient Mongolian language- эртний МХ          conjunction-холбоос
antonyms-эсрэг нэр                                                connotation-нэмэлт утга
antonymy-эсрэг утгат                                             content-агуулга
applied linguistic- хавсарга ХШ                           context-хам сэдэв
archaism- хуучирсан үг хэллэг                            comparative dictionary-зэрэгцүүлсэн толь
artificial language-зохиомол хэл                         conversion-конверси
autonomous words-            биеэ  даасан үг                   cultural language-соёлт хэл
auxiliary language-туслах хэл                              culture of speech-хэлэхүйн соёл
basic word stock-үгийн үндсэн сан                     cumulative meaning- нийлмэл утга
bilingual dictionary-2 хэлний толь                       dead language-мөхсөн хэл
bilingualism- 2 хэлтэй                                            defining dictionary-тайлбар толь
borrowing-зээлдэх                                                   denotation-нэрлэх, тэмдэглэх
dependent word-биеэ даагаагүй үг                    family of languages-хэлний бүлэг, төрөл
derived homonyms-үүсмэл ижил нэр                 feminine- эм үг
derived meaning- үүсмэл утга                              figurative meaning-дүрслэлт утга
derived/derivative-үүсмэл                                      figurative sense-шилжсэн утга
derived words-үүсмэл үг                                        foreign language-гадаад хэл
derivational meaning-дагаврын утга                  foreign word- харь үг
descriptive lexicology-байдалжсан ҮСС                        form of word-үгийн хэлбэр
descriptive linguistic-байдалжсан ХШ                free compound words-чөлөөт холбоо үг
diachrony-цуваа цаг                                               free form-чөлөөт хэлбэр
dialect-нутгийн аялгуу судлал                             free translation-чөлөөт орчуулга
dialect  dictionary-нутгийн аялгуу                                    fundamental meaning-үндсэн утга
dictionary meaning-            толь зүйн утга                      fused words-нийлсэн үг
dictionary form of a word-үгийн үндсэн хэлбэр            general linguistic-ерөнхий ХШ
dictionary active words-идэвхтэй үгийн сан      general semantics-ерөнхий Утга судлал
dictionary passive words-идэвхгүй үгийн сан   ghost word-хуурамч үг
direct borrowing-шууд зээлдэх                             glossary-товч толь
direct meaning-шууд утга                                      grammar- хэлзүй
dynamic linguistic-түүхэн ХШ                               grammatical abstraction-хэлзүйн хийсвэрлэл
Encyclopedia-нэвтэрхий толь                              grammatical  homonyms-хэлзүйн ижил үг
Epilogue afterward- төгсгөлийн үг                       grammatical meaning-хэлзүйн утга
Ethnonymics-угсаатны нэрзүй                            grammatical synonyms-хэлзүйн ойролцоо нэр
Etymological dictionary-үгийн  гарлын толь      historical linguistics-түүхэн ХШ
Evolution of language-хэлний хувьсал              historism-түүхэн үг хэллэг
Extensional meaning-нөхцөлдсөн утга              homographs-ижил хэлбэрт үгс
Exotic vocabulary-содон үг                                    homonyms-ижил нэрс
Familiar word-марзан үг                                        idiom-хэлц
idiomatic expression-өвөрмөц хэлц
independent words-бие даасан үг                      living language-амьд хэл
inflexion--үг хувилах                                                 borrowed words-зээлдсэн үг
information-мэдээлэл                                             meaning-утга
inner form of language-үгийн дотоод хэлбэр   metaphor-зүйрлэл
interjection-аялга үг                                                            mixed language-холимог хэл
intermediate meaning-завсрын утга                   mongolian language-монгол хэл
international language-дэлхийн хэл                   mongolian script-монгол бичиг
introduction-удиртгал                                             monosemy-ганц утгат
jargon-этгээд хэллэг                                               morpheme-бүтээвэр
language universal-хэлний ижил шинж                        morphology-үгзүй
lexeme-лексем                                                        mother tongue- эх хэл
lexical compound word-үгийн санжсан холбоо үгnarrowing-утга явцуурах
lexical metaphor-ҮС-н зүйрлэл                            national language-үндэсний хэл
lexical norm- ҮС-н хэм хэмжээ                             natural language-төрөлх хэл
lexicography-            толь зүй                                             neologism-шинэ үг хэллэг
lexicology-ҮС судлал                                              neutral word-жирийн үг
letter-үсэг                                                                   nominal-нэрийтгэл
level-түвшин                                                                        nominative meaning-нэрийтгэл утга
linguist-хэл шинжлэлтэн                                       noun- нэр
linguistic philosophy-хэлний гүн ухаан              substantive-жинхэнэ нэр
linguistic thinking-хэ           лний ухамсар                      numeral- тооны нэр
linguistics-хэл шинжлэл                                        obsolete-хуучирсан үг хэллэг
literal translation-үгчлэн орчуулах                       oral language-аман хэл
literary-утга зохиолын  хэл                                    original-эх бичиг

orthography-зөв бичих зүй
paragraph-догол мөр
parent language-өвөг хэл
paronyms-зэргэд нэр
particles-сул үг
parts of speech-үгсийн аймаг
pasimology-дохионы хэл
phraseology-хэлцийн судлал
philology-хэлбичгийн ухаан
phrase-хэлц үг
poetical metaphor-у/з-н зүйрлэл
polysemy-олон утгат
postposition-дагавар үг
preface-оршил
popular language-энгийн яриа
potential word-боломжит үг
primary-үүсмэл биш үг
primary stem-анхдагч үндэс
pronoun-төлөөний үг
proper name-оноосон нэр
real words-бодот үг
reference-нэрлэх
relative meaning-харьцангуй утга
rhythm-айзам
root-үндэс
secondary meaning-дэд утга
semantic extension-утга өргөжих
semantic level-утгазүйн түвшин
semantics-утгазүй
semasiology-утга судлал
sense-санаа
sign function-тэмдгийн үүрэг
slang-этгээд үг хэллэг
sound-авиа
speech-хэлэхүй
stem-үндэс
stress, accent-өргөлт
structure-бүтэц
style-найруулга
stylistics-найруулгазүй
suffix-дагавар
synchrony-хам цаг
synonymy-ойролцоо нэр
synthetic language-нийлэг хэл
taboo-нэр цээрлэх
term-нэр томъёо
transferred meaning-шилжсэн утга
transcription-галиг
typology-хэв шинж
unit-нэгж
verb-үйл үг
vocabulary-үгийн сан